THC and CBD: What's the Difference?

Introduction: THC and CBD – Unveiling the Cannabis Compounds
Although cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been known to scientists since the 1940s, our understanding of these compounds is still evolving. Ongoing research continues to uncover their potential health benefits, therapeutic uses, and risks. With the growing interest in CBD and THC, it's important to know the differences between these two compounds and how they affect the body.

Read on to explore the similarities and differences between CBD and THC, their benefits, side effects, and how they are regulated worldwide.

What is CBD?

Cannabidiol, or CBD, is one of the key cannabinoids found in the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Hemp seeds can be categorized by their CBD and THC content:

• Type I: High THC (over 0.3%) and low CBD (under 0.5%)

• Type II: High THC (over 0.3%) and high CBD (over 0.5%)

• Type III: Low THC (under 0.3%) and high CBD (over 0.5%)

Type I and II seeds are associated with marijuana, while Type III seeds are considered hemp, which can be legally grown in many countries, including throughout the EU.

CBD is extracted from these plants and used in oils, patches, e-liquids, lotions, and more. Unlike THC, CBD is non-psychoactive, meaning it doesn’t produce the “high” commonly linked with cannabis. It has gained popularity due to its potential therapeutic effects, including its role in Epidiolex, an FDA-approved drug used to treat epilepsy.

What is THC?

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the main psychoactive compound found in cannabis. It is responsible for the intoxicating effects associated with marijuana use, whether through smoking or ingesting THC-infused products.

In the U.S., THC remains classified as a Schedule 1 controlled substance under the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), meaning it is not federally approved for medical use, although some states have legalized medical marijuana. THC is commonly found in three forms:

• Flowers: Dried cannabis leaves and buds, often smoked or infused into foods.

• Hashish: A resin-like substance compressed from cannabis buds.

• Hashish oil: A concentrated form of THC extracted from hashish resin.

In the European Union, THC content in hemp products must not exceed 0.2-0.3% to be legal.

How Are CBD and THC Extracted?

Both CBD and THC come from the same plant, Cannabis sativa, but their legal status and effects differ dramatically.

• CBD is extracted from Type III hemp, which contains less than 0.3% THC. Hemp with higher THC levels is classified as marijuana, a restricted substance in most countries.

• THC is derived from the resin on the flowers and leaves of the cannabis plant, specifically from plants containing more than 0.3% THC.

There are also synthetic cannabinoids like Spice or K2, which mimic THC but often produce unpredictable and sometimes harmful effects.

Chemical Structure of CBD and THC

CBD and THC share the same molecular formula: 21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms. However, their atomic arrangement is different, leading to distinct chemical properties and interactions with the body.

How CBD and THC Affect the Body

CBD’s Effects on the Body

Research suggests that CBD may have therapeutic effects by interacting with the body at a molecular level, though its exact mechanisms are not fully understood. It is believed to modulate brain signals, reduce inflammation, and influence calcium levels in neurons, aiding in cell communication.

A significant concern surrounding CBD products is their lack of regulation. Many CBD items, especially in the U.S., may not contain the amounts of CBD listed on their labels, and some may even contain THC, leading to potential psychoactive effects or failed drug tests. The FDA has raised concerns about the purity and safety of unregulated CBD products.

THC’s Effects on the Body

THC primarily affects the brain by stimulating the release of dopamine, the “feel-good” hormone. This results in feelings of euphoria, relaxation, or a “high.” THC concentrations in marijuana vary, but modern strains can contain much higher levels of THC (around 15%) compared to older strains (4% in the mid-20th century).

High levels of THC can also cause unwanted mental effects, including hallucinations, delusions, and even psychosis in some cases.

Potential Benefits of CBD and THC

CBD’s Benefits

Although more research is needed, early studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that CBD may help with:

• Anxiety: Animal studies show that CBD may reduce anxiety-like behaviors, and some small human studies have shown improved sleep and reduced anxiety after using CBD. However, more research is necessary.

THC’s Benefits

THC is primarily used for its psychoactive effects, though lower doses of THC have been suggested to reduce anxiety in some cases. However, higher doses may increase anxiety. THC’s medical applications remain controversial due to its classification and varying legal status.

Legal Status of CBD and THC in Europe

The legal landscape for CBD and THC varies across Europe. CBD derived from hemp is legal in most countries if the THC content is below 0.2-0.3%. However, THC and products containing it are typically illegal or heavily regulated.

2020 decision by the European Court of Justice clarified that CBD is not a narcotic, and its trade cannot be banned if it is produced in line with EU regulations. However, regulations continue to evolve, with some countries advocating for more lenient policies on medical marijuana.

Conclusion: Navigating CBD and THC Use

Both CBD and THC have potential benefits and risks. While CBD is widely celebrated for its non-psychoactive therapeutic potential, THC remains a more controversial substance due to its intoxicating effects and legal restrictions. Whether you’re exploring CBD for anxiety or considering THC for its euphoric properties, understanding their effects, benefits, and legal status is key to making informed decisions.

Always consult a healthcare professional before using CBD or THC products, especially if you are concerned about side effects, drug interactions, or legal implications.